Immunotherapy in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: a Review

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.48729/pjctvs.371

Keywords:

immunotherapy, NSCLC, treatment, lung cancer, immune checkpoint inhibitors

Abstract

Immunotherapy has revolutionized the field of oncology by utilizing the body's immune system to target and eliminate cancer cells. In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), immunotherapeutic agents such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have shown promising results. ICIs target receptors like PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4 to enhance the immune response against tumors. However, resistance mechanisms to immunotherapy are not fully understood, and ongoing research aims to overcome these challenges. In the early-stage setting, neoadjuvant and adjuvant trials are investigating the efficacy of ICIs in combination with chemotherapy, with interesting results. Additionally, in the metastatic landscape of NSCLC the therapeutic options multiplied in recent years. The use of immunotherapy in NSCLC holds great promise, and future studies may provide more effective therapies and biomarkers for personalized treatment approaches.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

C. WB, "The treatment of malignant tumors by repeated inoculations of erysipelas: with a report of ten original cases.," Am J Med Sci, p. 105:487, 1893.

W. EJ, "T cell exhaustion.," Nat Immunol., vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 492-9, 2011.

B. A. C. M. Gras Navarro A, "Therapeutic potential and challenges of natural killer cells in treatment of solid tumors.," Front Immunol, no. 6, p. 202. Epub 2015 Apr 29., 2015.

V. O. E. D. B. P. V. G. J. R. G. Laoui D, "Functional Relationship between Tumor-Associated Macrophages and Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor as Contributors to Cancer Progression," Front Immunol, vol. 5, no. Epub 2014 Oct 7., p. 489, 2014.

L. D. M. S. Savage PA, "Shaping the repertoire of tumor-infiltrating effector and regulatory T cells.," Immunol Rev., vol. 259, no. 1, pp. 245-58, 2014.

G. D. Marvel D, "Myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the tumor microenvironment: expect the unexpected.," J Clin Invest, vol. 125, no. 9, p. 3356, 2015.

R. Schreiber, L. Old and M. Smyth, "Cancer immunoediting: integrating immunity's roles in cancer suppression and promotion.," Science, vol. 331, no. 6024, p. 1565, 2011.

E. Tran, S. Turcotte and S. Rosenberg, "Cancer immunotherapy based on mutation-specific CD4+ T cells in a patient with epithelial cancer.," Science, vol. 344, no. 6184, pp. 641-5, 2014.

H. Matsushita, M. Vesely and R. Schreiber , "Cancer exome analysis reveals a T-cell-dependent mechanism of cancer immunoediting.," Nature, vol. 482, no. 7385, pp. 400-4, 2012.

E. Garon and M. Hellmann, "Five-Year Overall Survival for Patients With Advanced Nonsmall-Cell Lung Cancer Treated With Pembrolizumab: Results From the Phase I KEYNOTE-001 Study," J Clin Oncol, vol. 37, p. 2518–27., 2019.

S. Topalian and F. Hodi, "Five-Year Survival and Correlates Among Patients With Advanced Melanoma, Renal Cell Carcinoma, or Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treated With Nivolumab," JAMA Oncol, vol. 5, p. 1411–20, 2019.

F. Wang, S. Wang and Q. Zhou, "The Resistance Mechanisms of Lung Cancer Immunotherapy," Front Oncol , p.10:568059, 2020.

P. Sharma, S. Hu-Lieskovan, J. Wargo and A. Ribas, "Primary, Adaptive, and Acquired Resistance to Cancer Immunotherapy.," Cell, vol. 168, p. 707–23, 2017.

A. Schoenfeld, S. Antonia and M. Awad, "Clinical definition of acquired resistance to immunotherapy in patients with metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer," Annals of Oncology, vol. 32, no. 12, pp. 1597-1607, 2021.

D. Chen and I. Mellman, "Elements of Cancer Immunity and the Cancer-Immune Set Point.," Nature, vol. 541, p. 321–30, 2017.

R. Rami-Porta, V. Bolejack and J. Crowley, "The IASLC Lung Cancer Staging Project: Proposals for the Revisions of the T Descriptors in the Forthcoming Eighth Edition of the TNM Classification for Lung Cancer," J Thorac Oncol, vol. 10, no. 7, pp. 990-1003, 2015.

P. Forde, J. Spicer and S. Lu, "Neoadjuvant Nivolumab plus Chemotherapy in Resectable Lung Cancer," N Engl J Med, vol. 386, no. 21, p. 1973. Epub 2022 Apr 11. , 2022.

S. Peters, A. Kim and B. Solomon, "IMpower030: Phase III study evaluating neoadjuvant treatment of resectable stage II-IIIB non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with atezolizumab (atezo) + chemotherapy.," Ann. Oncol, vol. 30, p. ii30, 2019.

M. Tsuboi, A. Luft and G. Ursol, "Perioperative pembrolizumab + platinum-based chemotherapy for resectable locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer: The phase III KEYNOTE-671 study," Ann. Oncol, vol. 31, p. S801–S802., 2020.

T. Cascone, M. Provencio and B. Sepesi, "Checkmate 77T: A phase III trial of neoadjuvant nivolumab (NIVO) plus chemotherapy (chemo) followed by adjuvant nivo in resectable early-stage NSCLC.," J. Clin. Oncol, vol. 38, p. TPS9076, 2020.

E. Felip, N. Altorki and C. Zhou, "Adjuvant atezolizumab after adjuvant chemotherapy in resected stage IB–IIIA non-small-cell lung cancer (IMpower010): A randomised, multicentre, open-label, phase 3 trial," Lancet, vol. 398, p. 1344–1357, 2021.

L. Paz-Ares, M. O’Brien and M. Mauer, "Pembrolizumab (pembro) versus placebo for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) following complete resection and adjuvant chemotherapy (chemo) when indicated: Randomized, triple-blind, phase III EORTC- 1416-LCG/ETOP 8-15–PEARLS/KEYNOTE-091 study.," Ann. Oncol., vol. 33, p. 451–453., 2022.

J. Sands, S. Mandrekar and D. Kozono, "Integration of immunotherapy into adjuvant therapy for resected non-small-cell lung cancer: ALCHEMIST chemo-IO (ACCIO).," Immunotherapy, vol. 13, p. 727–734, 2021.

J. Chaft, S. Dahlberg and O. Khullar, "EA5142 adjuvant nivolumab in resected lung cancers (ANVIL).," J. Clin. Oncol. , vol. 36, p. TPS8581, 2018.

V. Calvo, M. Domine and I. Sullivan, "A phase III clinical trial of adjuvant chemotherapy versus chemoimmunotherapy for stage IB-IIIA completely resected non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients nadim-adjuvant: New adjuvant trial of chemotherapy versus chemoimmunotherapy.," J. Clin. Oncol., vol. 39, p. TPS8581, 2021.

O. B. H. F. e. a. Adams M, "The clinicopathological and molecular associations of PD-L1 expression in non-small cell lung cancer: analysis of a series of 10,005 cases tested with the 22C3 assay," Pathol Oncol Res, vol. 26:, p. 79–89., 2020;.

R.-A. D. R. A. e. a. Reck M, "Pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy for PD-L1–Positive Non–Small-Cell lung cancer.," N Engl J Med Overseas, vol. 375:, p. 1823–33. , 2016;.

R.-A. D. R. A. e. a. Reck M, "Updated Analysis of KEY - NOTE-024: Pembrolizumab Versus Platinum-Based Chemotherapy for Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer With PD-L1 Tumor Proportion Score of 50% or Greater.," J Clin Oncol , vol. 37:, p. 537–46, 2019;.

R.-A. D. R. A. e. a. Reck M, "Five-year outcomes with pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy for metastatic non-smallcell lung cancer with PD-L1 tumor proportion score ≥ 50.," J Clin Oncol , vol. 39:, p. 2339–49. , 2021;.

G. G. d. M. F. e. a. Herbst RS, "Atezolizumab for first- line treatment of PD-L1-Selected patients with NSCLC.," N Engl J Med, vol. 383:, p. 1328–39., 2020.

K. S. G. M. e. a. Sezer A, "Cemiplimab monotherapy for first-line treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer with PD-L1 of at least 50%: a multicentre, open-label, global, phase 3, randomised, controlled trial.," Lancet . , vol. 397:, p. 592–604, 2021;.

R.-A. D. S. G. e. a. Gadgeel S, "Updated analysis from KEY - NOTE-189: pembrolizumab or placebo plus pemetrexed and platinum for previously untreated metastatic Non- squamous non-small-cell lung cancer.," J Clin Oncol , vol. 38:, p. 1505–17. , 2020;.

V. D. T. A. e. a. Paz-Ares L, "A randomized, placebo- controlled trial of pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy in patients with metastatic squamous NSCLC: Protocol-Specified final analysis of KEYNOTE-407," J Thorac Oncol , vol. 15:, pp. 67-69, 2020; .

M. M. H. M. e. a. West H, "Atezolizumab in combination with carboplatin plus nab-paclitaxel chemotherapy compared with chemotherapy alone as first-line treatment for metastatic non-squamous non-small-cell lung cancer (IM-power130): a multicentre,randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial," Lancet Oncol , vol. 20:, p. 924–37. , 2019;.

C. T.-E. C. M. e. a. Paz-Ares L, "First-Line nivolumab plus ipilimumab combined with two cycles of chemotherapy in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (CheckMate 9LA): an international, randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial.," Lancet Oncol, vol. 22, pp. 198-211, 2021.

R. N. F. E. e. a. Vokes EE, "Nivolumab versus docetaxel in previously treated advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (CheckMate 017 and CheckMate 057): 3-year update and outcomes in patients with liver metastases.," Ann Oncol , vol. 29:, p. 959–65. , 2018;.

G. S. V. E. e. a. Borghaei H, "Five-year outcomes from the randomized, phase III trials CheckMate 017 and 057: nivolumab versus docetaxel in previously treated non-small-cell lung cancer.," J Clin Oncol , vol. 39:, p. 723–33., 2021; .

v. P. J. P. K. e. a. Fehrenbacher L, "Updated efficacy analysis including secondary population results for oak: a randomized phase III study of Atezolizumab versus docetaxel in patients with previously treated advanced non-small cell lung cancer.," J Thorac Oncol , vol. 13, pp. 1156-70, 2018.

B. P. K. D.-W. e. a. Herbst RS, "Pembrolizumab versus docetaxel for previously treated, PD-L1-positive, advanced non- small-cell lung cancer (KEYNOTE-010): a randomised controlled trial.," Lancet, vol. 387:, p. 1540–50, 2016;.

K. M. K. J. M. T. S. M. a. L. E. Hendriks, " Non-oncogene-addicted metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up," Annal of Oncology, vol. in press, 2023.

A. E. F. L. I. G. B. R. Rekulapelli, " Effectiveness of immunological agents in non-small cell lung cancer.," Cancer Reports. , vol. 6( 1):, p. e1739. , 2023; .

J. Pignon, H. Tribodet and G. Scagliotti, "Lung Adjuvant Cisplatin Evaluation: A Pooled Analysis by the LACE Collaborative Group," J. Clin. Oncol, vol. 26, p. 3552–3559, 2008.

T. Cascone, W. William and A. Weissferdt, "Neoadjuvant nivolumab (N) or nivolumab plus ipilimumab (NI) for resectable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): Clinical and correlative results from the NEOSTAR study.," J Clin Oncol, vol. 37S:ASCO #8504. , 2019.

Downloads

Published

11-10-2023

How to Cite

1.
Sequeira T, Almodovar MT. Immunotherapy in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: a Review. Rev Port Cir Cardiotorac Vasc [Internet]. 2023 Oct. 11 [cited 2024 Nov. 21];30(3):55-6. Available from: https://pjctvs.com/index.php/journal/article/view/371

Issue

Section

Review Article